Gen Anil Chauhan and India’s long march towards military integration

By Monojit Das

India’s military transformation has long been discussed in the language of ambition. Today, it is increasingly being shaped by institutional change. As General Anil Chauhan completed as India’s second Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) in the end of May, the country’s higher defence reforms stand at a critical point in their evolution.

For decades, India’s Army, Navy, and Air Force largely operated through separate command structures and service-specific operational cultures. Coordination existed, but true integration remained limited. The creation of the CDS post in 2019 was intended to address that structural gap by establishing a single military adviser capable of fostering joint planning, operational synergy, and long-term defence integration.

Gen Chauhan’s tenure has unfolded during a period marked by rapid technological change, geopolitical instability, and the growing complexity of warfare. Modern conflicts are no longer confined to conventional battlefields. They increasingly involve cyber operations, information warfare, space-based capabilities, artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, and network-centric operations. In such an environment, military effectiveness depends less on isolated service strength and more on integrated national capability.

India’s path toward military integration was given distinct focus with the CDS institution though some thought existed. Soon after Independence, the government established the Military Wing within the Cabinet Secretariat in 1947 to coordinate higher defence matters. Over time, it became the institutional bridge between the Ministry of Defence and the Chiefs of Staff Committee. The Defence Planning Staff, created in 1986, represented another effort to improve long-term strategic coordination among the Services. Yet the limitations of India’s fragmented higher defence structure became particularly visible during the 1999 Kargil conflict with Pakistan. The war exposed gaps in intelligence coordination, operational planning, and inter-service cooperation. The subsequent Kargil Review Committee and Group of Ministers recommendations laid the foundation for major institutional reforms, eventually leading to the establishment of Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff in 2001.

The creation of the CDS nearly two decades later represented the logical culmination of that reform trajectory. More importantly, the office was paired with the newly created Department of Military Affairs, which brought military leadership into the governmental decision-making structure in a more direct manner than ever before.

Gen Chauhan inherited an office that was still institutionally evolving. His tenure therefore became less about symbolic leadership and more about operationalising integration. One of the central themes of his period in office was the renewed push for integrated theatre commands. The proposal seeks to reorganise India’s military structure into geographically and functionally integrated commands capable of unified operations across domains. Supporters argue that future wars will demand seamless coordination among land, maritime, and air assets operating under unified strategic objectives.

Despite debates, Gen Chauhan consistently argued that future battlefields would not recognise traditional service boundaries. Under his tenure, the conversation around jointness gradually shifted from abstract doctrine to practical coordination. Reports indicate that the armed forces pursued nearly 197 integration initiatives during this period, ranging from logistics and communications harmonisation to training convergence and doctrinal coordination.

This shift became particularly visible in discussions surrounding Operation Sindoor, which senior military leadership described as an illustration of evolving tri-service coordination. Though operational details remain limited in the public domain, the operation highlighted the growing importance of integrated planning, synchronised logistics, and unified command structures. Gen Chauhan also repeatedly stressed that future warfare would involve information dominance as much as battlefield success. His remarks on the role of disinformation, cognitive warfare, and digital narratives reflected a broader recognition that modern conflicts increasingly unfold in both physical and informational spaces. India’s military reforms under his tenure were not confined to operational structures alone. An equally important aspect involved intellectual and educational transformation.

Initiatives such as RAN SAMWAD, a tri-service seminar on war, warfare and warfighting, reflected efforts to encourage strategic debate on emerging technologies, operational lessons, and future military doctrines. Gen Chauhan frequently argued that tomorrow’s military leaders would require expertise not only in conventional warfighting, but also in cyber operations, artificial intelligence, information warfare, and strategic communications.

This emphasis on adaptation was accompanied by educational reforms aimed at building common professional understanding across the services. The Tri-Services Future Warfare Course sought to prepare officers for technology-driven conflicts shaped by compressed decision-making cycles and multi-domain operations. The course covered artificial intelligence, robotics, cyber warfare, hypersonic technologies, space operations, and autonomous systems. Importantly, it was designed as a rank-agnostic platform intended to create technologically aware commanders capable of operating within integrated environments.

These educational reforms will ultimately prove as significant as organisational restructuring itself. Military integration is not solely a matter of command charts and institutional mergers. It also requires shared doctrines, common strategic thinking, and a culture of interoperability.

Technology and self-reliance formed another major pillar of Gen Chauhan’s tenure. He repeatedly argued that future wars could not be fought using outdated systems and legacy structures. His advocacy of indigenous defence manufacturing aligned closely with India’s broader emphasis on ‘Aatmanirbharta’ (self-reliance) and indigenisation.

This linkage between technological autonomy and national security has become increasingly important amid global supply chain disruptions and intensifying geopolitical competition. India’s push toward indigenous drones, surveillance systems, electronic warfare capabilities, and defence technologies reflects both strategic necessity and geopolitical calculation.

The significance of the CDS institution therefore extends beyond military restructuring alone. It reflects India’s attempt to align its defence architecture with the realities of contemporary conflict and major power competition.

The transition to the next phase of leadership may reinforce this continuity. Lieutenant General NS Raja Subramani, who assumed the role of next CDS, shares important institutional experience with Gen Chauhan. Both officers served as Military Advisers in the National Security Council Secretariat, a role that exposed them to the intersection of military strategy, intelligence coordination, and national security policymaking. This continuity matters because India’s defence reforms are ultimately long-term institutional processes rather than short-term changes. The success of integration will depend not merely on new command structures, but on the ability to create a strategic culture that views military power as part of a broader framework of integrated national capability.

As India aspires to emerge as a major military and technological power by 2047, the institution of CDS is likely to remain central to that transformation.

–The writer is Public Relations Officer at Centre for Joint Warfare Studies (CENJOWS).